The Korean War
A lawyer who had never visited Korea drew the border. By 1953, 3 million were dead. The war ended with an armistice. No peace treaty has followed.
Open
You think this war ended.
July the twenty seventh, nineteen fifty three. An armistice. The guns went quiet.
Look at who signed it. A United States Army general, for the United Nations Command. A North Korean general, for the other side. South Korea refused to sign.
Seventy three years later, that is still the only document that ends the fighting. No peace treaty has followed. North and South Korea remain, on paper, at war.
Scene 1Thirty minutes and a map
August the tenth, nineteen forty five. Two young United States Army colonels, Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel, are given thirty minutes and a National Geographic map.
Their task: divide the Korean peninsula into an American zone and a Soviet one. Neither has set foot in Korea.
They draw the line along the thirty eighth parallel because it puts the capital, Seoul, inside the American zone.
Five years later, thirty six thousand five hundred seventy four Americans will die defending that line.
Scene 2The bridges
June the twenty fifth, nineteen fifty, four in the morning. Seventy five thousand North Korean soldiers cross the thirty eighth parallel. Seoul falls in three days.
At two thirty in the morning on June the twenty eighth, the army's own chief of staff orders the Han River bridges destroyed while refugees are still crossing them.
The explosions kill about eight hundred civilians and strand two of the army's divisions on the wrong side of the river.
By mid September, South Korean and American forces hold a perimeter around Pusan covering four percent of the peninsula.
Two days later, he sent American troops in without a declaration of war. He called it a police action.
That word would follow the war for seventy years. A police action does not kill three million people.
Scene 3Inchon
September the fifteenth, nineteen fifty. MacArthur lands seventy five thousand troops at Inchon. Naval officers had put the odds at five thousand to one against: thirty foot tides, a narrow channel, a seawall instead of a beach.
It works. Seoul is recaptured by September the twenty eighth. United Nations forces cross the thirty eighth parallel in October, pushing north toward the Yalu River and the Chinese border.
Zhou Enlai warns, through the Indian ambassador, that China will not sit back with folded hands and let the Americans come up to the border.
At Wake Island on October the fifteenth, MacArthur tells Truman that Chinese intervention is unlikely.
Scene 4The river at night
October the nineteenth, nineteen fifty. Three hundred thousand soldiers of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army cross the Yalu River at night. No vehicles, no fires, their food carried in tubes of dried millet.
By late November they surround the American Tenth Corps at the Chosin Reservoir: fifteen thousand American and United Nations troops encircled by sixty seven thousand Chinese. The temperature drops to minus thirty five degrees Fahrenheit. Weapons freeze. Morphine syrettes freeze.
In two weeks, four thousand three hundred eighty five Americans die and seven thousand three hundred thirty eight are wounded. The survivors fight a seventy eight mile breakout to the sea. Their general later calls it not a retreat, but an attack in a different direction.
His son's body was buried in Korea. Mao never visited the grave.
Scene 5The wrong war
By January the fourth, nineteen fifty one, Seoul falls for the second time in six months. The front settles along the thirty eighth parallel by the middle of the year.
MacArthur wants more: bombing runs into China, a blockade of its coast, as many as thirty to fifty atomic bombs along the border. Truman fires him on April the eleventh.
He comes home to a ticker tape parade and an address to Congress.
Matthew Ridgway replaces him and holds the line. The talks start at Kaesong in July of nineteen fifty one, move to Panmunjom, and last two years while diplomats argue over twenty one thousand Chinese and North Korean prisoners who refuse to go home. More than half the war's casualties happen inside that stalemate.
Five accounts
A war that killed at least three million people does not even have one name. Americans call it the Korean War, or the Forgotten War. South Koreans call it six two five, the date it started. North Korea calls it the Fatherland Liberation War. China calls it the War to Resist American Aggression and Aid Korea.
Five accounts follow. Listen to each on its own terms first.
bystanderAmerican / UN Coalition
American / UN Coalition
The United Nations authorized this force only because the Soviet Union was boycotting the Security Council that month, over its refusal to seat the People's Republic of China. Had the Soviet delegate been in his chair, the veto would have killed it. Twenty one nations sent troops. The United States alone supplied eighty eight percent of the non Korean forces.
Then came Inchon: five thousand to one against, and it worked. Within two weeks Seoul was recaptured and the North Korean supply lines were cut. The last clean American victory of the war.
When MacArthur pushed further, demanding bombs on Chinese cities and a blockade of the coast, Truman fired him. General Omar Bradley told the Senate what that decision had prevented.
Read the full account
Narrative
Dean Rusk and Charles Bonesteel, two young US Army colonels, were given thirty minutes and a National Geographic map on the night of August 10, 1945. Their task: draw a line dividing the Korean peninsula into American and Soviet occupation zones. They chose the 38th parallel because it placed Seoul in the American zone. Neither had been to Korea. From 1950, 36,574 Americans would die defending that line.
Truman committed US forces on June 27, 1950, two days after the invasion, without a Congressional declaration of war. He called it a "police action". That term would follow the war through seven decades of American ambivalence. The UN Security Council authorized a multinational force only because the Soviet Union was boycotting the Council over the refusal to seat the People's Republic of China. Had the Soviet delegate been in his chair, the veto would have killed the resolution. Twenty-one nations eventually contributed troops; the United States provided 88 percent of the non-Korean forces.
The Inchon landing was MacArthur at his most audacious. The Joint Chiefs opposed it. The Navy said the tidal conditions made it impossible. MacArthur told the skeptics: "We shall land at Inchon, and I shall crush them." The 30-foot tides, the narrow Flying Fish Channel, the seawall: all the objections proved surmountable. Within two weeks, Seoul was recaptured and the North Korean supply lines severed. It was the last unambiguous American victory of the war.
Then MacArthur crossed the 38th parallel and marched north. The CIA told Truman that Chinese intervention was possible but unlikely. MacArthur told Truman at Wake Island that the Chinese would not intervene, and that if they did, "there would be the greatest slaughter." On November 25, 1950, 300,000 Chinese soldiers materialized in the mountains. David Halberstam's The Coldest Winter (2007) describes what followed at the Chosin Reservoir: 15,000 US and UN troops surrounded by 67,000 Chinese in temperatures of minus 35 degrees Fahrenheit. Weapons jammed. Blood plasma froze. Medics could not cut through frozen clothing to reach wounds. The Marines fought their way out over 78 miles to the port of Hungnam, carrying their dead. 4,385 Americans died in two weeks.
MacArthur publicly demanded the authority to bomb Chinese cities, blockade the Chinese coast, and deploy Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Chinese forces from Taiwan. He wrote to House Republican leader Joseph Martin on April 5, 1951: "There is no substitute for victory." Truman fired him on April 11. MacArthur returned to a ticker-tape parade in New York and an address to Congress. Truman's approval rating dropped to 23 percent. General Omar Bradley, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, testified before the Senate that MacArthur's plan would have involved the US "in the wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time, and with the wrong enemy."
The war ended where it started, at the 38th parallel. The Veterans Memorial in Washington lists 54,246 American dead. The Korean War is called "The Forgotten War", sandwiched between the mythology of World War II and the trauma of Vietnam. It produced no Saving Private Ryan, no Apocalypse Now. It validated containment as doctrine, and created the template for Vietnam, where containment would fail.
Arguments
- The UN authorization was a Cold War accident; the Soviet boycott enabled a resolution that would otherwise have been vetoed
- Inchon was a military masterpiece; the decision to cross the 38th parallel was a strategic disaster
- MacArthur's dismissal established the principle of civilian control over military strategy in nuclear-age warfare
- The war validated containment doctrine and created the operational template later applied in Vietnam
Sources
- The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War
- The Korean War: A History
- This Kind of War: The Classic Korean War History
- Truman and MacArthur: Policy, Politics, and the Hunger for Honor and Renown
academicNorth Korean / DPRK: Fatherland Liberation War
North Korean / DPRK, Fatherland Liberation War
In this account the war does not begin on June the twenty fifth, nineteen fifty. It begins in September of nineteen forty five, when American forces occupied the south, kept the Japanese colonial police, and outlawed the Korean People's Republic that independence activists had formed in Seoul.
Between nineteen forty eight and nineteen fifty, thirty thousand to one hundred thousand people died in political violence in the south before a single North Korean soldier crossed the parallel. June the twenty fifth, to this account, is not the start of a war but the escalation of one already underway.
What this account holds more fully than any other is the bombing. The Air Force dropped six hundred thirty five thousand tons of bombs on Korea, more than the entire Pacific theater of the Second World War, plus thirty two thousand five hundred fifty seven tons of napalm. Every North Korean city over fifty thousand people was destroyed.
Read the full account
Narrative
In Pyongyang, the war did not begin on June 25, 1950. It began on September 8, 1945, when American forces occupied the southern half of Korea and installed a military government that retained Japanese colonial administrators and police. It began when the US Military Government declared the Korean People's Republic (a provisional government formed by Korean independence activists in Seoul on September 6, 1945) illegal, and arrested its leaders. It began when Syngman Rhee, who had spent 33 years in the United States, was flown back to Korea on MacArthur's personal plane and installed as president of a state that held its first election under UN supervision while leftist parties were banned.
Bruce Cumings's The Origins of the Korean War (1981, 1990) documented what DPRK historiography has always claimed: the conflict's roots lay in the 1945 division, not the 1950 invasion. Between 1948 and 1950, 30,000 to 100,000 people died in political violence in the south: the Jeju uprising (April 1948), the Yeosu-Suncheon rebellion (October 1948), guerrilla warfare along the border. Cross-border raids ran in both directions. The 38th parallel was not a border; it was a wound. What the DPRK calls the "Fatherland Liberation War" frames June 25 not as an unprovoked invasion but as the culmination of a civil war already underway.
The scale and direction of June 25 are clear: North Korean forces launched a full-scale conventional invasion southward. Soviet documents declassified after 1991 confirm that Kim Il-sung sought and received Stalin's approval in April 1950. Mao was informed but not consulted. The DPRK narrative omits Stalin's role entirely and frames the war as a purely Korean national liberation struggle.
What the DPRK narrative carries that other narratives do not is the experience of the bombing. Curtis LeMay said the US Air Force "killed off twenty percent of the population." The Strategic Bombing Survey's own data supports the scale: 635,000 tons of bombs, 32,557 tons of napalm. Every city of over 50,000 people was destroyed. Pyongyang was bombed until there were no more targets; the Air Force then bombed the irrigation dams, flooding the rice paddies during planting season. Dean Rusk, who later became Secretary of State, acknowledged: "We were bombing everything that moved in North Korea, every brick standing on top of another." The physical destruction of an entire country's infrastructure, every factory, every bridge, every hospital, is embedded in North Korean national memory in a way that has no American equivalent.
The Sinchon (Sincheon) massacre is central to DPRK collective memory. The DPRK claims 35,000 civilians were killed by US forces and ROK allies in Sinchon County, South Hwanghae Province, in October-December 1950. Western historians dispute the attribution (some killings were committed by anti-communist Korean paramilitaries, and the total figure is contested), but the death toll was real. The Sinchon Museum of American War Atrocities is the most visited museum in North Korea.
The DPRK's garrison state, its nuclear program, its isolation: all rooted in the memory of total destruction by American air power. The lesson Pyongyang drew: the only guarantee against a repeat is a nuclear deterrent. In 2006, North Korea tested its first nuclear weapon.
Arguments
- The war's origins lie in the 1945 US-imposed division and the suppression of the Korean left, not solely in the June 25 invasion
- US bombing destroyed every city in North Korea and killed an estimated 12-15 percent of the population
- The Sinchon massacre and similar atrocities are central to the DPRK's national narrative and its justification for a garrison state
- North Korea's nuclear program is a direct consequence of the war, the lesson being that only nuclear weapons prevent a second destruction
Sources
- The Origins of the Korean War, Volume I: Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes
- The Origins of the Korean War, Volume II: The Roaring of the Cataract
- Strategic Air Warfare: An Interview with Generals Curtis E. LeMay, Leon W. Johnson, David A. Burchinal, and Jack J. Catton
- North Korea: Another Country
vanquishedSouth Korean / ROK: 6.25 War
South Korean / ROK, 6.25 War
South Koreans call this war by its date: Yugio, six two five. It marks a life the way an American generation marks one by September the eleventh.
What this account carries that the others do not, for half a century, is what its own government did. Between June and September of nineteen fifty, South Korean security forces executed members of the Bodo League, a registration list of suspected leftists whose names were already on file. The files became kill lists. The South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Commission, working from two thousand five to two thousand ten, documented between one hundred thousand and two hundred thousand killed.
Between July the twenty sixth and the twenty ninth, nineteen fifty, American soldiers killed an estimated two hundred fifty to three hundred refugees at a village called No Gun Ri. An Associated Press investigation confirmed it in nineteen ninety nine and won the Pulitzer Prize.
By the armistice, every South Korean city over fifty thousand people had been destroyed, income per person about sixty seven dollars, less than Ghana's one hundred seventy nine. What came after does not erase what came before.
Read the full account
Narrative
The date is the name. South Koreans call it "Yugio". 6.25. June 25. Koreans who lived through it measure their lives by the date the way Americans of a later generation measure by September 11. Where were you on 6.25. What did you lose.
Seoul fell in three days. The government fled south. At 2:30 a.m. on June 28, the ROK Army chief of staff ordered the Han River bridges destroyed to slow the North Korean advance. Refugees were still crossing. The explosions killed approximately 800 civilians on the bridges and stranded the ROK's own 3rd and 5th Divisions north of the river. The officer who gave the order, Colonel Choi Chang-sik, was court-martialed and initially sentenced to death. The sentence was later commuted, then overturned.
What Rhee's government did next remained hidden for half a century. Between June and September 1950, South Korean security forces (army, police, and paramilitary) systematically executed members of the Bodo League, a re-education program for suspected leftists. The victims had been required to register; their names and addresses were on file. When the war began, the files became kill lists. The South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2005-2010) documented between 100,000 and 200,000 killed. Bodies were dumped in mass graves, abandoned mines, and the sea. US Army photographers documented executions near Daejeon in July 1950; the photographs were classified. Associated Press photographs of the killings were suppressed by the US military censor in Tokyo. The journalist who took them, Major Abbott, was told the images would "embarrass the ally."
At No Gun Ri, a village in central South Korea, US soldiers of the 7th Cavalry Regiment killed an estimated 250-300 South Korean refugees between July 26 and 29, 1950. Survivors described being strafed from the air and then fired upon as they sheltered under a railroad bridge. The Pentagon initially denied the incident. An Associated Press investigation in 1999, based on interviews with both Korean survivors and American veterans, won the Pulitzer Prize. The US Army's subsequent review acknowledged that "ichings occurred at No Gun Ri" but disputed the scale.
By the armistice of July 27, 1953, every South Korean city with a population over 50,000 had been destroyed. Seoul had changed hands four times. The country was rubble. Its GDP per capita, approximately $67, was lower than Ghana's, lower than India's, lower than almost any country that was not actively at war. What followed is the fact the war narrative cannot contain: within one generation, South Korea became an industrial powerhouse. By 1996, it joined the OECD. By 2024, Samsung alone generated more revenue than the GDP of 100 countries. The "Miracle on the Han River" was built on the ashes of 6.25, and on truths the miracle suppressed.
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission operated from 2005 to 2010. Children of Bodo League victims described growing up unable to speak their parents' names. The commission documented the massacres, recommended reparations, and closed. The reparations were never paid. The commission was reconstituted in 2020. The work of remembering what the democracy built on the ashes chose to forget continues.
Arguments
- 6.25 is experienced as a national trauma comparable to Pearl Harbor or 9/11; the date itself is the name
- The Bodo League massacre was the largest mass killing by a US-allied government during the Cold War, suppressed for 50 years
- South Korea's economic miracle was built on the devastation of the war and required the suppression of inconvenient truths
- The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2005-2010) began a reckoning that remains incomplete
Sources
- The Korean War: A History
- Korea's Grievous War
- The Bridge at No Gun Ri: A Hidden Nightmare from the Korean War
- Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History
academicChinese: War to Resist American Aggression and Aid Korea
Chinese, War to Resist American Aggression and Aid Korea
China's Politburo voted against intervening four times. The treasury was empty, the People's Republic was one year old, and the army had no air force and no navy. Mao's most capable commander, Lin Biao, declined the command on grounds of illness, a refusal widely read as political dissent.
Peng Dehuai took the command instead. On October the second, nineteen fifty, he told the Politburo why the risk had to be taken.
Stalin had promised Soviet air cover, then withdrew it. The Chinese crossed the Yalu without it, without artillery superiority, without adequate winter clothing, carrying their food in cloth bandoliers of dried millet.
At the Chosin Reservoir, nine Chinese divisions under Song Shilun surrounded fifteen thousand United Nations troops in minus thirty five degree cold. Chinese casualties there: nineteen thousand two hundred two dead in battle, twenty eight thousand nine hundred fifty four more, most from frostbite. That they held, and pushed the front back to the thirty eighth parallel with worse equipment and no air cover, is the central fact of the war in Chinese memory.
Read the full account
Narrative
The Politburo voted against intervention four times. Mao wanted to fight. The generals did not. The People's Republic of China was one year old. The treasury was empty. The army had no air force, no navy, and no experience fighting a mechanized Western military. Lin Biao, Mao's most capable commander, declined the command on grounds of illness, a refusal widely understood as political dissent. Peng Dehuai was the one who agreed. On October 2, 1950, Peng told the Politburo: "If the American troops reach our border, they could find a pretext at any time to invade." Mao gave the order. On October 19, the People's Volunteer Army began crossing the Yalu River at night.
Stalin had promised Soviet air cover. He withdrew the promise. The Chinese crossed without air support, without artillery superiority, without adequate winter clothing. They carried their ammunition on their backs and their food (tubes of dried millet and sorghum) in cloth bandoliers. Their tactical doctrine was based on what they had: numbers, night movement, and an infantry trained by twenty years of civil war and guerrilla fighting against Japan. They attacked at night, using bugles and whistles instead of radios. American soldiers who survived the first Chinese assault at Unsan on November 1, 1950, described waves of soldiers appearing from the darkness in white quilted uniforms, silent until the bugles blew.
The Chosin Reservoir campaign was the war's inflection point. Nine Chinese divisions, approximately 67,000 troops under the command of Song Shilun, surrounded 15,000 UN troops in temperatures that reached minus 35 degrees Fahrenheit. Chinese casualties at Chosin were catastrophic: an estimated 19,202 battle deaths and 28,954 non-battle casualties, the majority from frostbite. Entire companies froze to death in their positions. One Chinese unit was found in formation on a ridge, every soldier frozen in his firing position, weapons aimed at the road below.
Mao sent his eldest son. Mao Anying was 28 years old, a Russian-trained engineer serving as a translator on Peng Dehuai's staff at the Chinese command post near the Chosin Reservoir. On November 25, 1950, Mao Anying and a staff officer, Gao Ruixin, were heating food on a stove in a wooden-roofed building. Two US B-26 bombers spotted the smoke. The napalm hit the building directly. Both men were burned beyond recognition. Peng Dehuai cabled Beijing. Mao's secretary, Ye Zilong, delayed informing Mao for weeks. When Mao was told, he sat in silence, then said: "In a revolution, you have to pay a price." Mao Anying's body was buried in Korea. It remains there. Mao never visited the grave.
The PRC's official death toll is 183,108; Western estimates range to 400,000. The Chinese People's Volunteer Army fought with inferior equipment, no air cover, and supply lines running through 300 miles of mountains under constant bombardment. That they held, and pushed the front back to the 38th parallel, is the central fact of the war in Chinese memory. In 2020, Xi Jinping called it "a declaration that the Chinese people have stood up in the East."
Arguments
- Mao's decision to intervene was contested within the Politburo; Peng Dehuai's argument about border security was decisive
- The Chinese fought without Soviet air cover, without mechanized transport, and with inferior equipment, and fought the US to a standstill
- Mao Anying's death personalized the cost of war at the highest level of Chinese leadership
- The war established the PRC's military credibility and remains central to Chinese national identity
Sources
- China's Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation
- Mao's Generals Remember Korea
- Mao: The Unknown Story
- The Dragon Strikes: China and the Korean War, June-December 1950
vanquishedCivilian / Divided Families
Civilian, Divided Families
Lee Bok-soon was twenty two when the war began, in Kaesong, a city in the South before the war and the North after. Her husband had left for work in Seoul three weeks earlier. When the line shifted, he was on one side and she was on the other. She never saw him again. She is one of ten million.
In nineteen eighty three, a South Korean broadcast called Finding Dispersed Families ran four hundred fifty three hours over one hundred thirty eight days, the longest live television broadcast in history. A hundred thousand nine hundred fifty two people applied to appear. Ten thousand one hundred eighty nine were reunited.
Between nineteen eighty five and twenty eighteen, the Red Cross organized twenty one rounds of reunions at the Diamond Mountain resort in the North: three days, eleven hours, after decades apart. Four thousand seven hundred forty eight South Korean families took part before the program was suspended.
An estimated one hundred thirty three thousand South Koreans registered for the lottery. By twenty twenty four, more than half had died waiting.
Read the full account
Narrative
Lee Bok-soon was 22 years old when the war began. She lived in Kaesong, a city that was in the South before the war and in the North after. Her husband had gone to Seoul for work three weeks before June 25. When the border shifted, he was on one side and she was on the other. She never saw him again. She is one of 10 million.
The armistice of July 27, 1953, drew a line that separated families as arbitrarily as the original 38th parallel had separated the country. People who had crossed the line for work, for family visits, for market day, found themselves in a different country overnight. No telephone calls. No letters. No way to know whether a parent, a child, a spouse was alive or dead. The division was total and immediate. It has lasted 73 years.
In 1983, the Korean Broadcasting System aired a program called "Finding Dispersed Families." It was intended to run for two hours. It ran for 453 hours and 45 minutes over 138 days, the longest live television broadcast in history. 100,952 people applied to appear. 10,189 were reunited with family members, most of them living in the South. The broadcast showed elderly Koreans holding placards with names and hometowns, weeping on camera when a sibling or a cousin or a childhood friend called the station. The program won the UNESCO Memory of the World designation in 2015.
The Red Cross organized 21 rounds of in-person family reunions between South and North Korea, from 1985 to 2018. The format was always the same: 100 families from each side were selected by lottery, transported to the Diamond Mountain resort in North Korea, and given three days together, six meetings totaling eleven hours. 4,748 South Korean families participated over 33 years. At each reunion, participants were in their 70s, 80s, 90s. They met siblings they had last seen as teenagers. They exchanged photographs of grandchildren who had never met. On the final day, buses pulled away while family members pressed their hands against the windows.
An estimated 133,000 South Koreans registered for the reunion lottery. By 2024, more than half had died waiting. The youngest applicants were in their late 70s. The program has been suspended since 2018. North Korea has periodically agreed to video reunions, then canceled them. Each year, several thousand more names are removed from the waiting list, not because they were selected, but because they died.
The DMZ itself became the war's most paradoxical monument. Two hundred fifty kilometers long, four kilometers wide, the most heavily mined strip of land on earth. Two million soldiers face each other across it. Because no human has farmed or walked through it in 73 years, it has become one of the most ecologically pristine habitats in Asia: red-crowned cranes, white-naped cranes, Asiatic black bears, dozens of fish species found nowhere else on the peninsula. The world's most dangerous border is also an accidental nature reserve, the only ecosystem on earth created by a war that never ended.
Lee Bok-soon applied for the reunion lottery in 1985. She was not selected. She reapplied every year until 2007, when she died at the age of 79. Her husband's fate is unknown. She is one of 10 million.
Arguments
- 10 million families were separated by the armistice line, a human cost that no political or military narrative adequately accounts for
- The Red Cross family reunion program provided 11 hours of contact after 30-60 years of separation for 4,748 families; more than half the applicants died waiting
- The 1983 KBS broadcast (453 hours, the longest live TV broadcast in history) revealed the scale of the separation to the South Korean public
- The DMZ is simultaneously the world's most militarized border and an accidental ecological sanctuary, a paradox that encapsulates the war's unresolved legacy
Sources
- Separated Families: The Korea Red Cross Tracing and Reunion Program
- The DMZ: Dividing the Two Koreas
- Korea's Grievous War
- Finding Dispersed Families (broadcast archive)
The turn
What each of these leaves out.
The American account never mentions that its army photographed the Bodo League killings and kept the photographs classified.
From the record
US bombing campaign that destroyed every city in North KoreaAmerican knowledge of the Bodo League massacres; US Army photographers documented the killingsCivilian casualties caused by UN forces, including the No Gun Ri massacre (July 1950, 250-300 refugees killed by US Army)The arbitrariness of the 38th parallel itself, drawn by two colonels in thirty minutesNorth Korean / DPRK: Fatherland Liberation War
The North Korean account leaves out that Stalin approved the invasion, and that Kim Il-sung asked him to.
From the record
Stalin's authorization of the June 25 invasion (confirmed by declassified Soviet documents)Kim Il-sung's agency in initiating the conventional invasionNorth Korean atrocities against South Korean civilians during the occupation of the SouthThe DPRK's own political purges and repression before and during the warThe South Korean account is silent on the raids its own side ran before June the twenty fifth, and on the years of authoritarian rule that followed.
From the record
South Korean cross-border provocations before June 25, 1950Rhee's authoritarianism and the political repression that continued through the 1980sThe role of the US in enabling and covering up ROK atrocitiesNorth Korean civilian suffering under US bombingChinese: War to Resist American Aggression and Aid Korea
The Chinese account never says what happened to Peng Dehuai afterward. He was purged during the Cultural Revolution and died in a Chinese prison in nineteen seventy four.
From the record
Stalin's manipulation of Mao, encouraging intervention while withdrawing promised air supportChinese treatment of UN prisoners of war, including forced political indoctrinationThe actual scale of Chinese casualties, which the PRC has never fully disclosedThe domestic political consequences for Peng Dehuai, who was purged during the Cultural RevolutionAnd the divided families account has no interview and no broadcast for the North Korean families who lived the same separation.
From the record
The political instrumentalization of family reunions by both Korean governmentsNorth Korean families' experiences of separation, which are largely undocumentedThe psychological effects on second and third generations who grew up with the absenceSouth Korean government restrictions on contact with North Korea that compound the separation
Close
Lee Bok-soon applied for the reunion lottery in nineteen eighty five. She reapplied every year. She died in two thousand seven, at seventy nine years old, still waiting. Her husband's fate was never known.
The record
By the numbers
- Span
- 3 yrsJune 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953
- Killed
- 2.5MKorean civilians dead; 36,574 Americans killed in action…
- Displaced
- 30MKorea's total population of approximately; every major…
- Place
- Korea (North and South), United States, China, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, Australia, Turkey, and 17 other UN member states
Key figures
- Kim Il-sungPremier of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea; ordered the June 25 invasion; ruled North Korea from 1948 until his death in 1994; grandfather of current leader Kim Jong-un1912 to 1994
- Douglas MacArthurSupreme Commander of UN forces in Korea; planned the Inchon landing; dismissed by Truman on April 11, 1951, after publicly advocating nuclear strikes on China and a wider war1880 to 1964
- Peng DehuaiCommander of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army; led 300,000 troops across the Yalu River in October 1950; fought the US/UN forces to a standstill at the 38th parallel1898 to 1974
- Syngman RheePresident of South Korea 1948-1960; ordered the Bodo League massacre (June-September 1950), in which ROK security forces killed 100,000-200,000 suspected leftists (suppressed until the 2000s Truth and Reconciliation Commission)1875 to 1965
- Mao AnyingMao Zedong's eldest son; served as Russian-Chinese translator on Peng Dehuai's staff; killed by American napalm strike on November 25, 1950, age 281922 to 1950
- Harry S. TrumanUS President who committed American forces without a Congressional declaration of war, calling it a "police action"; fired MacArthur for insubordination; refused to authorize nuclear weapons1884 to 1972
- Matthew RidgwayReplaced MacArthur as UN commander in April 1951; stabilized the front and restored the Eighth Army's fighting capacity after the Chinese offensive1895 to 1993
Primary sources
· Address at a joint meeting of the two Houses of Congress, as printed by the Senate (the printed wording) · April 19, 1951
“In war, indeed, there can be no substitute for victory.”
· Radio report to the American people on Korea, the night he relieved MacArthur (Public Papers of the Presidents) · April 11, 1951
“In the simplest terms, what we are doing in Korea is this: We are trying to prevent a third world war.”
· Answering Truman on the chances of Chinese or Soviet interference, Wake Island, in the summary record compiled by General Bradley (Foreign Relations of the United States) · October 15, 1950
“Very little. Had they interfered in the first or second months it would have been decisive.”
· Letter to Stalin after Inchon, translated by Alexandre Mansourov from the Russian copy (Cold War International History Project Bulletin) · September 29, 1950
“we are determined to overcome all the difficulties facing us so that Korea will not be a colony and a military springboard of the U.S. imperialists.”
· As reported by the Soviet ambassador Terenty Shtykov to Moscow, translated by Kathryn Weathersby (Cold War International History Project Bulletin); the ambassador's report, not Kim's own text · January 19, 1950
“Lately I do not sleep at night, thinking about how to resolve the question of the unification of the whole country.”
· Strategic Air Warfare, group interview published by the Office of Air Force History (interview recorded in 1984, published 1988) · 1984
“So we went over there and fought the war and eventually burned down every town in North Korea anyway, some way or another, and some in South Korea, too.”
· Letter to Assistant Secretary of State Walter Robertson, Seoul (Foreign Relations of the United States) · July 9, 1953
“Although we cannot sign truce, we shall not obstruct it, so long as no measures or actions taken under armistice are detrimental to our national survival.”
· Letter to General Mark Clark on the release of anti-Communist Korean prisoners of war, Seoul (Foreign Relations of the United States) · June 18, 1953
“Consequently, I took my own responsibility and ordered the Korean military police to release them at once.”
· Truth and Reconciliation: Activities of the Past Three Years, on the Ulsan Bodo League list · 2009
“It documents that the police systematically managed Bodo League members before and during the start of the Korean War. It also functioned as an “execution list” during massacres.”
· Message to Stalin as the Soviet ambassador Roshchin cabled it to Moscow, translated from the Russian by Alexandre Mansourov (Cold War International History Project Bulletin); the Chinese-published text of the same date says the opposite · October 2, 1950
“However, having thought this over thoroughly, we now consider that such actions may entail extremely serious consequences.”
· Telegram to Stalin as printed in the Chinese Party's edition of Mao's manuscripts, translated by Goncharov, Lewis and Xue; whether it was sent is disputed · October 2, 1950
“Under the current situation, we have reached a decision to order the 12 divisions stationed in advance in South Manchuria to set off on October 15.”
· Remark to Chai Chengwen after the Shenyang meeting, as quoted by the historian Shen Zhihua from Chinese sources (translated by Dong Gil Kim and Jeffrey Becker) · October 1950
“I have a responsibility to the Chinese and Korean people, and to the hundreds of thousands of soldiers!”
· Nomination of the Finding Dispersed Families archives to the UNESCO Memory of the World Register (the broadcaster's own figure) · 2015
“Ten million people were separated from their families after Korea’s division following Japanese colonial rule and the Korean War.”
· Nomination of the Finding Dispersed Families archives to the UNESCO Memory of the World Register, describing the 1983 broadcast · 2015
“There was a woman who fainted the moment she heard the voice of her older brother she had been separated from for 42 years.”
· Pentagon briefing on No Gun Ri, summarising the Korean witnesses' testimony (State Department Washington File transcript) · January 11, 2001
“many Korean witnesses indicate that they were strafed or bombed by U.S. airplanes around noon on July 26th, 1950.”
Threads
- The Chinese Civil War and the Founding of the People's RepublicChina was one year old when its army crossed the Yalu River in October 1950. More than 180,000 Chinese soldiers died fighting the United States to a standstill in Korea, among them Mao's own son
- The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki66,000 dead in 8.5 seconds. Seven of eight five-star American generals said it wasn’t necessary.
- The Chinese Cultural RevolutionStudents beat their teachers to death with the textbooks they’d been taught from.